Numerical study on butterfly wings around inclusion based on damage evolution and semi-analytical method

Abstract Butterfly wings are closely related to the premature failure of rolling element bearings. In this study, butterfly formation is investigated using developed semi-analytical three-dimensional (3D) contact model incorporating inclusion and material property degradation. The 3D elastic field introduced by inhomogeneous solved numerical approaches, which include equivalent method (EIM) conjugate gradient (CGM). accumulation fatigue damage surrounding inclusions described continuum mechanics. coupling between development damaged zone stress considered. effects properties on status discussed in detail. provides a potential for quantifying defects behavior terms deterioration properties.